Understanding how people use parks and green spaces—and the resulting impacts on these environments—requires insight not only into visitor numbers, but also into who visits, when, and how they move through space. Behaviour varies systematically across user groups: families, joggers, and dog walkers exhibit distinct patterns of entry, movement, and path choice. Capturing this heterogeneity is essential for assessing footfall pressures and ecological impacts.

This paper presents a novel two-stage framework to model green space use at fine spatial and temporal scales. First, a trip allocation component combines synthetic populations with travel diary data to generate geospatially explicit individuals and their activity schedules. This enables robust estimation of who visits green spaces, when visits occur, and which entry points are used. Second, an agent-based modelling (ABM) component simulates in-park pedestrian dynamics, representing diverse behavioural types—from highly goal-directed to exploratory movement. The model explicitly incorporates dog walkers, whose movement patterns and interactions can have distinct environmental effects.

The framework enables detailed analysis of path usage, congestion, and potential impacts on natural features such as vegetation. We demonstrate its application in a UK case study, introducing DogSim, a constrained ABM for simulating pedestrian and dog movement in parks.

By linking population characteristics to fine-scale movement dynamics, this approach provides a powerful tool for understanding and managing the environmental impacts of recreational behaviour in green spaces.

In Japan, infrastructure aging and declining fiscal resources have made bridge prioritization an urgent challenge for local govern- ments. Conventional methods have focused primarily on traffic volume and economic metrics, and the evaluation from the perspective of emer- gency medical accessibility remains insufficient. This study proposes a bridge criticality assessment method based on the concept of an inte- grated isochrone—the union of isochrones, areas reached within the same travel time from all emergency stations in a target area. In addition to a simple affected-population evaluation, we introduce a weighted affected- population evaluation that accounts for age-stratified emergency trans- port demand and the urgency associated with ambulance arrival time. Age weights are derived as relative risk ratios from Japan’s national emergency transport statistics, and time-range weights reflect the pro- portion of actual dispatch cases in each travel-time interval. In the target area, the two methods produce entirely different top-5 rankings, demon- strating that weighted evaluation elevates bridges in suburban areas with high elderly populations and mid-range travel times (10–20 minutes) over urban-center bridges that affect only short travel-time zones. By com- paring both methods, we provide a quantitative basis for prioritizing bridge maintenance decisions that reflects true social impact on emer- gency medical services.

Innovations in last-mile delivery, such as shared parcel lockers (PLs), promise more sustainable urban logistics, but realised benefits depend not only on consumer preferences but also on infrastructure

and operating rules. This study develops an agent-based model that integrates the socio-cognitive HUMAT framework with the MASS-GT freight simulator to test how social influence interacts with parcel-locker access, capacity, and emptying frequency in shaping realised locker use. Using empirically informed synthetic demand and infrastructure data for Thessaloniki, Greece, we simulate scenarios that vary customer preferences, access regime, capacity, and collection frequency. Results show that infrastructure and operational design are the primary determinants of realised locker uptake: collaborative (public) lockers achieve up to 90% utilisation in most serviced zones when emptied daily, whereas exclusive (private) lockers remain under-utilised; doubling locker capacity nearly eliminates unmet demand; and socially mediated preference change produces only modest variation in realised use once operational constraints are taken into account. These findings suggest that social influence may affect adoption intentions, but interoperability, capacity, and turnover are more decisive for sustained parcel-locker performance.