Conference Agenda

Accurate tsunami hazard assessment requires the consideration of large ensembles of earthquake scenarios to represent the source variability and associated uncertainties adequately. However, simulating hundreds or thousands of tsunami scenarios is computationally demanding, limiting its applicability in operational and planning contexts. This study presents a stochastic clustering and classification framework aimed at reducing and organizing tsunami generating earthquake scenarios while preserving their physical and geological representativeness.

A total of 257 synthetic megathrust earthquake scenarios with magnitude Mw 9.0 were generated for the northern Chilean subduction margin (19°S–25°S) and propagated through numerical tsunami simulations to estimate inundation-related impact metrics for the coastal city of Mejillones. Multivariate K-Means clustering was applied to group scenarios with similar tsunamigenic behavior based on key variables such as rupture depth, maximum slip, inundation height, inundated area, and distance to the site. Subsequently, interpretable decision tree models (CART) were used to identify the dominant variables and thresholds controlling cluster differentiation.

Results indicate that tsunami impact variability in Mejillones is primarily governed by rupture depth, tectonic domain, and distance to the site, with shallow ruptures located within the megathrust Domain B producing the highest inundation levels. The proposed approach enables a substantial reduction of scenarios without loss of physical consistency, providing an efficient and robust framework for tsunami hazard assessment and risk-informed coastal planning along the northern Chilean margin.

In recent decades, industrial and urban growth has driven growing concern about air quality and its adverse impact on human health and ecosystems. In the absence of measurement stations in the city of Pamplona, ​​Norte de Santander, a low-cost monitoring system was designed and implemented for the quantification of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and tropospheric ozone (O3). The system architecture was made up of three strategically located fixed stations, which were interconnected through a point-to-point link centralized in a local server. This infrastructure enabled real-time data storage, processing and validation to inform air quality indices. The methodology followed a descriptive quantitative approach with correlational analysis, using PMS5003 laser light scattering sensors and meteorological stations for spatial and temporal validation of contaminants.

The results demonstrated the viability of the system to identify concentrations that exceeded permitted limits, providing critical data for environmental management and public health in alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goals 11 and 13. The deployment of the telematics network and the developed software provided an effective tool for decision-making and territorial planning in the region.

Software Defined networking (SDN) decouples the control plane from the data plane, delegating control to a central controller that determines how network devices (switches) will operate. These devices perform only switching tasks and possess limited intelligence. As network architecture evolves, the data plane should also be programmable, adding flexibility for changes and improving performance. The P4 programming language is used to define how to customize the data plane of such devices. P4 is a high-level language for programming packet processors, independent of the protocol. General aspects of P4 version 16, the structure of a P4 program, and its correspondence with the processing pipeline in the programmable device are presented. A testbed using open-source software is implemented for compiling, testing, and debugging P4 programs. Additionally, several applications are developed using the testbed infrastructure, one of which is based on in-band network telemetry (INT). The general characteristics of their development and functionality are described.

Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) hydrogel biofilm carriers exhibit high biomass retention and porosity. In this study, novel composite PVA-SA carriers were synthesized for partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) by encapsulating a zeolite mineral (chabazite) and anammox inside the carrier and growing ammonia oxidizing microorganisms (AOMs) on the carrier surface. Initial experiments were carried out in anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with an anammox-based feed. Limited ammonium removal was observed in abiotic controls, while SBRs containing carriers or suspended cultures simultaneously removed ammonium and nitrite, while generating nitrate. AOMs were subsequently inoculated into the SBRs and feed and aeration conditions were adjusted to promote PN/A. Nitrate generation was lower in the carrier SBR compared with suspended growth control, resulting in total inorganic nitrogen removal rates of 11.3 mg N/L/d and 8.9 mg N/L/d for carrier and suspended SBRs, respectively. Overall, the PVA-SA-chabazite carrier SBR exhibited enhanced PN/A performance, most likely because chabazite concentrated ammonium inside the carriers to promote mass transfer and enhance anammox activity. Chabazite was bioregenerated by AOMs and anammox, allowing the carriers to be reused for fifteen cycles over 185 days. The results underscore the potential application of novel PVA-SA-chabazite carriers to promote PN/A for wastewater treatment.

Abstract

This article presents Participatory Regenerative Governance LxC (Life per Carbon) as a scientific and engineering-based strategy to transform captured carbon and solar energy into living biomass with multi-capital value. Derived from the IP.IDEAS.S framework, LxC Engineering is based on the CRPC (Carbon Regenerative Physico-Chemical Cycle), whose technical equivalence establishes:

L = C + 6.5 kWh/kg, where:

L is regenerated life,

C is the captured carbon (kg CO₂ eq),

6.5 kWh/kg is the solar energy required to structure 1 kg of useful biomass.

Unlike Elkington’s Triple Bottom Line approach, LxC not only integrates ESG dimensions but articulates them with physico-chemical traceability, exergetic efficiency, and verifiable regeneration. Its methodological framework combines:

• DPAV (Decide, Plan, Act, Value), as a strategic governance cycle,
• CUPA (Calculate, Understand, Plan, Act), as the operational core,
• ETESG, a Ecological, Technological, Economic, and Scientific Governance decisions,
• 9SP, the canvas of Nine Strategic Pillars to design and evaluate regenerative processes.

The model applies indicators such as ROP, BM, CM, and PTF, and tools including Markov chain simulations and Leontief input-output matrices. Its validation in the Peruvian Amazon (1977–2024) demonstrates the potential to redesign territorial development through structural regeneration, collaborative governance, and applied science.

Abstract– Soil contamination by lead (Pb) derived from mining environmental liabilities represents a critical environmental and public health problem in high-Andean regions of Peru. This study evaluated the effect of organic matter content and initial lead concentration on the efficiency of soil mycoremediation using the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus under laboratory conditions. Soil samples were collected from the community of Pampalca, Huancavelica, where Pb concentrations exceeded the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standards for agricultural soils. Three initial Pb concentrations (288.73, 370.29 and 546.73 mg/kg) and three proportions of organic substrate inoculated with P. ostreatus (5 %, 15 % and 25 %) were tested, using corn cob as a lignocellulosic substrate. Lead concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and organic matter content was analyzed using the Walkley–Black method. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant interaction between lead concentration and organic matter percentage (p < 0.05), indicating that both factors significantly influence Pb removal efficiency. The highest lead removal was obtained at an initial concentration of 288.73 mg/kg with 15 % organic matter, achieving a reduction of 104.77 mg/kg. These results demonstrate the potential of Pleurotus ostreatus as a sustainable and environmentally viable alternative for the remediation of lead-contaminated soils in mining-impacted high-altitude environments.

The valorization of lignin derived from the pulp and paper industry has attracted significant interest due to its high aromatic content and its potential as a renewable feedstock for value-added chemicals. In this study, the production of phenolic compounds from Kraft lignin through pyrolysis at different temperatures was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a Parr Series 4740 reactor at 450, 500, and 550 °C, both in the absence and presence of pumice as a natural catalyst. The vapors generated during the process were condensed to obtain bio-oil, while biochar was recovered as the solid residual fraction. The resulting bio-oil was subjected to liquid–liquid extraction to isolate the aromatic fraction enriched in phenolic compounds. The results showed that both temperature and catalyst presence significantly influenced product distribution. In particular, the addition of pumice increased the bio-oil yield from 6.88 % to 24.28 % at 550 °C, indicating a strong catalytic effect on the conversion of lignin-derived intermediates into condensable aromatic compounds. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of phenols, methylphenols and methoxyphenols, which are consistent with the thermal depolymerization of guaiacyl units in Kraft lignin. These findings demonstrate the potential of catalytic pyrolysis of Kraft lignin using pumice as a natural catalyst for the production of phenolic compounds.

In construction, one of the most widely used materials is concrete due to its versatility, affordable cost, and durability. Its strength is fundamental and can be affected by the type, quantity, and quality of the water used. Freshwater resources are being depleted every day; therefore, alternative water sources are being considered, such as wastewater, seawater, rainwater, and thermal waters, among others. This thesis focuses on the influence of thermal waters as a partial replacement
for potable water at percentages of 10%, 20%, and 50%, with the aim of analyzing their effect on the compressive strength of concrete designed for 210 kgf/cm². Research shows that it is possible to use these types of water without adversely affecting the physical chemical strength of concrete. However, without treatment, thermal waters may affect the durability of concrete; for this reason,
partial replacement of potable water is proposed. The key issue is to evaluate the chemical composition of the water before its use, since certain ions or solids may negatively affect the microstructure of concrete.