The world is made up of multiple languages, cultures, rituals, practices and faith and requires steady and dependable transactions and interrelations to formulate a well balanced heterogeneous space. An essential component that has facilitated such transactions and negotiations over generations, across temporal and spatial distances, is translation. Today “translation” is regarded as a multifaceted practice, a skill, a method, even an independent discipline that facilitates and makes possible this inter-cultural, inter-lingual, inter-societal exchange. Translation has its utility in diverse fields – the medical, the legal, the scientific and so on. But the arena that we are going to explore today, is the literary arena. Translation and interpretation have gone hand in hand for generations but the dynamics have changed steadily. Newer processes, technological devices have steadily been coming up. Artificial Intelligence is the talk of the day. It is worth taking a serious call to check out how the connotation of translation is changing within the literary sphere, in keeping with the fast socio-cultural and technological changes that have stormed the entire world. What is the likely impact that machine translation and AI are likely have, in this digital age, on the discipline of Translation Studies as it features within and alongside the discipline of Comparative Literature. Translating literature calls for a certain degree of accountability as it is instrumental in ensuring reception. What then are the ethical compromises that have to be made in terms of fidelity and dependability in the domain of translating literature?

This study delves into the grammatical structures of POS tagging within Tamil lyrics crafted through renowned Tamil lyricists, employing a Firedman model alongside Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Through rigorous analysis, we identify and compute the components of several grammatical categories: Peyarccolkal, Piratipeyarkalkal, Uriaccorkal, Tirmanippavarkal, Vinaiccolkal, Vinaiyuriccolkal, and Munmolivukal. The investigation leverages a dataset containing both dependent and independent variables, facilitating the discovery of robust associations between these variables and POS tagging in Tamil. By applying the Friedmann model and ensuring the model adheres to a polynomial frequency assumption, we achieve a maximum likelihood solution in closed form. The ranking test results affirm the model’s efficacy in analyzing Tamil text, highlighting its potential as a reliable forecasting tool for POS tagging. This work underscores the synergy between traditional grammatical analysis and modern NLP methodologies, paving the way for enhanced linguistic insights in Tamil lyricism.

The study of various grammatical types is significantly enhanced by the concept of grammaticalization, primarily focusing on the formation and organization of grammatical categories within a topologically generalized language. Vallinam and Idaiyinam have been subjects of extensive academic research. This research analyzes the usage of the previously outlined grammatical framework in both spoken and written linguistic discourse. Additionally, we conduct an in-depth study of the numerous factors that influence the development of different languages. Researchers in controlled language have increasingly adopted quantitative approaches to ensure reliable results, aligning with the study’s stated objectives. Utilizing the Latin Square Design, this research investigates the diverse methods Tamil lyricists use to incorporate Vallinam and Idaiyinam into their selection lists. The structured data analysis allows us to derive reasonable inferences, which are discussed in detail.

I wish to revisit the ways in which translations of the distinguished Indian dramatist, Kalidas' Abhijnanashakuntalam into modern Indian as well as European languages such as Hindi, Maithili, English, French and German shaped the idea of Orient in order to rethink the concept of cultural translation in an increasingly digitized world since it appears that there are fissures in its existing conceptualization as is pretty much evident from an otherwise very popular formulation of this concept in Homi Bhabha's The Location of Culture. 

Such a rethinking is particularly pertinent precisely because of the fact that there are many contradictions in the manner in which certain advocates of postcolonial whose arguments attempt to emphasize the simultaneous existence of precolonial, colonial and postcolonial "as practices of resistance and subversion in cultural production both before and after the moment of colonization" go on to establish all postcolonial writings in English as acts of cultural translation. This is exactly an erasure of the concept of translation. AI generated translation does, moreover, a huge distortion by often killing the soul of translation.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the idea of Orient with a view to redefine the notion of cultural translation by critically revisiting the translations of the above-mentioned, canonical Sanskrit drama from Indian literature and their reception in the domain of World literature coming from different parts of the globe.