This study offers a comparative analysis of enlightenment and nationalism in the poems of Shin, Chae-ho （申采浩), a Korean nationalist thinker, and Lu Xun （魯迅）, a foundational figure in modern Chinese literature. It aims to explore and compare the enlightenment and nationalist ideas of these intellectuals through the unique art form of poetry, a genre that—though not dominant in their work—holds significant ideological and literary value. This research examines how themes of enlightenment and nationalism emerge in their poetry, identifying both differences and commonalities in their perspectives. Additionally, it analyzes formal elements, such as rhyme, structure, imagery, and symbolism, to provide a holistic view of their poetic expressions. Through this comparative study, the research seeks to deepen understanding of the intellectual landscapes of Korea and China and offer new insights into modern Korea-China relations.

AI-generated literature encapsulates a profound interplay of human history, culture, and emotion, while simultaneously revealing the distinct logic inherent to machine “thinking.” This hybrid characteristic of human and technological interaction presents significant challenges to traditional literary criticism, necessitating the formulation of a new paradigm for evaluating AI literature. This paper examines the AI-authored novel The Death of an Author (2023) as a case study, focusing on its unique representations of authorship, narrative structure, and ethical dilemmas through targeted critical practices. The classic issues within traditional literary criticism gain new meanings and complexities as a result of the integration of artificial intelligence. By engaging with this case study, the paper aims to offer fresh perspectives and methodologies for the critique of AI literature, thereby promoting innovative transformations in literary criticism paradigms in the technological era.

In his book, The Translator’s Invisibility, Lawrence Venuti discusses how the emphasis on fluency in the Anglo-American literary market has relegated translators to the state of invisibility. Often, such an emphasis (whose aim is to make readers feel that they are not reading the text in translation but in the original) conceals the fact of the text’s translation and the conditions and context in which the translation was undertaken.

Focus of this essay will be to explore the problems caused by the Anglo-American dominance of the domestication as a translation strategy and work towards an alternative that will retain the otherness of the translation, using a theory of Levinas.