Micrometeorology plays a fundamental role in atmospheric science by providing the high‑frequency observations needed to quantify surface–atmosphere exchanges and to understand boundary‑layer processes across heterogeneous and complex landscapes. Current research priorities include improving our understanding of canopy–atmosphere interactions and integrating micrometeorological measurements with high‑resolution modeling and remote‑sensing products.

An area where micrometeorology is becoming increasingly important—but remains underrepresented, particularly in mid‑latitude regions such as the Mediterranean—is the quantification of dry and wet deposition of reactive and greenhouse gases. Long‑term, high‑quality deposition measurements are still rare, and micrometeorological techniques offer some of the few direct, ecosystem‑scale approaches for estimating deposition velocities and fluxes in real‑world, heterogeneous environments. Strengthening these measurements is essential for constraining nutrient and pollutant budgets, improving atmospheric chemical‑transport modeling, and deepening our understanding of biosphere–atmosphere coupling.

New tools and approaches—such as advanced turbulence sensors, distributed flux networks, machine‑learning methods for data gap‑filling, and large‑eddy simulations coupled with land‑surface models—are helping to better capture small‑scale processes and enhance weather and climate predictions. Yet many open questions remain, particularly when scaling observations from individual sites to broader regions or comparing data collected with different protocols across networks. Additional challenges, including irregular terrain, shifting airflow patterns, and heterogeneous land cover, continue to complicate flux estimation and the closure of the surface energy balance.

At the regional level, micrometeorology is gaining momentum across a wide range of applications: from agro‑ecosystem monitoring and carbon‑cycle research to urban pollution and climate studies, as well as investigations in mountain and coastal environments, emission inventories, and deposition assessments. National infrastructures—such as coordinated networks like ICOS, which provide consistent long‑term flux and concentration datasets—offer essential support for this growing research landscape.